| Rhodes-Evans v 111 Chelsea LLC |
| 2007 NY Slip Op 07540 [44 AD3d 430] |
| October 11, 2007 |
| Appellate Division, First Department |
| Dorothea Rhodes-Evans, Respondent, v 111 Chelsea LLC,Respondent-Appellant, and 111 Eighth Avenue Parking, LLC, Appellant-Respondent, et al.,Defendant. (And a Third-Party Action.) |
—[*1] Mauro, Goldberg & Lilling, LLP, Great Neck (Deborah F. Peters of counsel), forrespondents-appellants. Finkelstein & Partners, Newburgh (Michael S. Feldman of counsel), forrespondent.
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Emily Jane Goodman, J.), entered April 25, 2006,which, to the extent appealed from as limited by the briefs, denied the motion of defendant 111Eighth Avenue Parking, LLC (Eighth Avenue Parking) and defendant 111 Chelsea LLC(Chelsea) for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, granted the motion of Chelsea insofaras it sought summary judgment on its contractual indemnity claim against Eighth AvenueParking, and denied Chelsea's motion insofar as it sought summary judgment on its common-lawindemnity claim, modified, on the law, to grant Chelsea's motion for summary judgmentdismissing the Labor Law § 240 (1) and § 241 (6) claims against it and, except asthus modified, affirmed, without costs or disbursements. Order, same court and Justice, enteredSeptember 21, 2006, which, to the extent appealable, denied Eighth Avenue Parking's motion forrenewal, unanimously affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
Plaintiff, a Verizon field technician, was assigned to splice fiber optic cable in a cable boxlocated in the parking garage leased by Eighth Avenue Parking from Chelsea, the buildingowner, to provide new digital telephone service to a tenant in the building. Plaintiff testified thatthe floor of the garage was littered with construction and other debris, and that she had to clear anarea to place a ladder that she used to reach the cable box, located 10 to 15 feet above ground[*2]level. Unable to move a large piece of sheet metal on thefloor, plaintiff placed the ladder so that at least two of its legs were on the metal. Plaintiff stoodon the second rung from the top of the ladder looking for the splice on which she was to work.The box in which the splice was encased was to her right, thus necessitating that she turn theupper part of her body in that direction. As she searched for the splice, she "realized that theladder was going backwards" and that she "was going to go along with it." To avoid falling,plaintiff "just twisted" and grabbed onto the cables and used her body to pull the ladder back intoposition. In so doing, she allegedly sustained a back injury. The ladder never actually fell. Nordid plaintiff. The entire episode lasted less than five seconds.
Summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's common-law negligence claim against EighthAvenue Parking was properly denied since the record raises a triable issue as to whether thatdefendant had actual or constructive notice of the debris on the garage floor, which it wasresponsible to maintain. An issue of fact is also raised as to whether Eighth Avenue Parkingfulfilled its duty to conduct reasonable inspections of the premises (see Personius v Mann, 5 NY3d857 [2005], modfg 20 AD3d 616 [2005]; Campbell v City of New York, 32 AD3d 703, 704 [2006];Weller v Colleges of the Senecas, 217 AD2d 280, 285 [1995]).
Chelsea's claim that it is not an "owner" within the meaning of Labor Law § 240 (1) iswithout merit. The cable box was affixed to a wall in the garage and is properly considered a partof the building for the purposes of the statute (see Izrailev v Ficarra Furniture of Long Is.,70 NY2d 813, 815 [1987]; Gonzalez v City of New York, 269 AD2d 493 [2000]).Notably, Chelsea granted Verizon permission to work on the cable in the garage and arranged forits engineers to accompany Verizon workers to the work site. Thus, Chelsea exercised itsauthority as "owner" (cf. Abbatiello vLancaster Studio Assoc., 3 NY3d 46 [2004]; Sarigul v New York Tel. Co., 4 AD3d 168 [2004], lvdenied 3 NY3d 606 [2004]).
On the other hand, Chelsea's claim that plaintiff is not entitled to any relief under Labor Law§ 240 (1) since she was not engaged in construction-related activity is well taken. In orderto be entitled to the statutory protection, a worker must establish that he or she sustained injurieswhile engaged in the "erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of abuilding or structure" (Labor Law § 240 [1]). Here, plaintiff's job, as she described it, wasto "locate a certain fiber and splice it into an existing fiber in the building." In denying summaryjudgment dismissing the complaint against Chelsea, the motion court held that the work in whichplaintiff was engaged constituted an alteration. The Court of Appeals has held that "altering"within the meaning of Labor Law § 240 (1) "requires making a significant physicalchange to the configuration or composition of the building or structure" (Panek v County ofAlbany, 99 NY2d 452, 457-458 [2003], quoting Joblon v Solow, 91 NY2d 457, 465[1998]). Nothing in this record suggests that in splicing a fiber optic cable located in a boxplaintiff was making a significant physical change to the garage or building.
Splicing a fiber into preexisting fiber optic cable for one tenant in a building does not effect a"significant physical change to the configuration or composition of the building or structure" anddoes not amount to an alteration under Labor Law § 240 (1) (see Joblon v Solow,91 NY2d at 465; see also Lioce vTheatre Row Studios, 7 AD3d 493 [2004] [plaintiff who fell from ladder whileinstalling lights for a theatrical production not engaged in activity covered by Labor Law §240 (1)]; DiBenedetto v Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 293 AD2d 399 [2002], lvdenied 98 NY2d 610 [2002] [plaintiff's work involving the removal of two bolts and thereplacement of a part of a crane did not involve a significant physical change]; Rowlett vGreat S. Bay Assoc., 237 [*3]AD2d 183 [1997], lvdenied 90 NY2d 809 [1997] [changing electrical switch on rooftop air conditioner so thatunit can be turned off for season not protected activity under section 240 (1)]).
Nor can it be concluded that the cable was a structure within the meaning of Labor Law§ 240 (1). Campbell v City of New York (32 AD3d at 704-705) and Sarigul vNew York Tel. Co. (4 AD3d at 169-170), where plaintiffs, respectively, were splicing anamplifier box into a cable television line and stripping the insulation from a preexisting cablewire, do not require a contrary conclusion. In both Campbell and Sarigul, theCourt held that working on cable lines which were connected to utility poles constitutedalterations to a structure under Labor Law § 240 (1). These conclusions are justified inlight of Smith v Shell Oil Co. (85 NY2d 1000, 1001 [1995]), where the Court of Appealsreiterated that a "telephone pole with attached hardware, cable and support systems constitutes astructure under Labor Law § 240 (1)" (see also Lewis-Moors v Contel of N.Y. (78NY2d 942 [1991]). Thus, while a free-standing utility pole and attached cable may be considereda structure, no such claim can be made for the cable in this case, contained in a cable boxmounted on a garage wall.
Plaintiff was not, as the dissent concludes, "working on a building," but rather working on acable box which happened to be attached to the wall of a building. In any event, "working on abuilding" is insufficient for the imposition of section 240 (1) liability. As noted, an alterationunder that statute "requires making a significant physical change to the configuration orcomposition of the building or structure" (Panek, 99 NY2d at 457-458, quotingJoblon, 91 NY2d at 465).
No fair reading of the record supports plaintiff's claim that she was "installing a new andenhanced fiber optic telephone system . . . in a place where no such servicepreviously existed." In fact, the record refutes such a claim. As plaintiff herself testified, her jobassignment was "to locate a certain fiber and splice it into an existing fiber in the building."Indeed, while clearing the debris on the garage floor, she testified that she found plastic tubingthrough which fiberoptics run. When asked if there was plastic tubing from Verizon, plaintiffsaid, "No, because I do all the work in there and I always clean mine up."
Plaintiff's Labor Law § 241 (6) claim should also have been dismissed. To be entitledto the protection of section 241 (6), a worker must establish that the injury occurred in an area "inwhich construction, excavation or demolition work is being performed." In that regard, thisCourt's decision in Sarigul v New York Tel. Co. is controlling. There, even though theCourt found that the subject telephone pole was a "structure" and that stripping cable wire was analteration under the statute, it concluded, after reviewing the facts, that section 241 (6) did notapply, "since plaintiff's work in altering the cable wire was not part of a 'construction, demolitionor excavation' of a structure" (id. at 170 [citation omitted]).
Plaintiff misrepresents the Court of Appeals' holding in Nagel v D & R Realty Corp.(99 NY2d 98 [2002]), which this Court quoted in Sarigul. In Nagel, the plaintiffargued, unsuccessfully, that because Industrial Code (12 NYCRR) § 23-1.4 (b) (13), whichdefines "construction work," included the term "maintenance," his routine safety inspection of anelevator fell within the embrace of section 241 (6). In rejecting the argument, the Court ofAppeals analyzed the legislative history of section 241 (6) and concluded "[t]hat the Legislaturesought to protect workers from industrial accidents specifically in connection with construction,demolition or excavation work" (99 NY2d at 102) and that "maintenance work that was notconnected to construction, demolition or excavation of a building or structure . . . is. . . not [*4]within the statute's coverage"(id.).
In support of her argument that she is entitled to the protection of Labor Law § 241 (6),plaintiff adopts the "structural integrity" test articulated in Walton v Devi Corp. (215AD2d 60 [1995], lv denied 87 NY2d 809 [1996]). In so doing, she exposes the weaknessin her argument. Under no legitimate interpretation of the facts can it be said that splicing fiberoptic cable "affected the structural integrity of the building or structure or was an integral part ofthe construction of a building or structure" (id. at 63). Thus, there is no merit to plaintiff'ssection 241 (6) claim.
The indemnification clause in the contract between Chelsea and Eighth Avenue Parking doesnot provide that the owner is to be indemnified for a claim arising out of its own conduct, and,thus, does not run afoul of General Obligations Law § 5-322.1 (see Itri Brick &Concrete Corp. v Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 89 NY2d 786 [1997]). In any event, even if theindemnification clause were construed as absolving Chelsea for its negligence, summaryjudgment was properly granted on the contractual indemnity claim since there was no evidencethat Chelsea was actively negligent (seeColozzo v National Ctr. Found., Inc., 30 AD3d 251 [2006]; Linarello v City Univ. of N.Y., 6 AD3d192, 193-194 [2004]). Summary judgment was properly denied on Chelsea's common-lawindemnification claim since it has not been established that Eighth Avenue Parking was negligent(see Landgraff v 1579 Bronx Riv. Ave.,LLC, 18 AD3d 385, 387 [2005]). Concur—Tom, J.P., Sullivan, Nardelli andBuckley, JJ.
Mazzarelli, J., dissents in part in a memorandum as follows: I disagree with the majority'sposition that plaintiff is not entitled to relief under Labor Law § 240 (1) because she wasnot engaged in an "alteration" as that term has been defined. The plaintiff here was dispatched to111 Eighth Avenue to splice a fiber optic cable as part of the upgrading of phone service for atenant in the building. The cables were in a box 10 to 15 feet above the floor. At the time of herinjury, plaintiff was attempting to find the specific cable which needed to be spliced. She felt theladder falling backwards, and injured her back as she twisted toward the wires, pulling the laddertowards the wall to steady herself. Binding precedent from the Court of Appeals and this Courtdictate that plaintiff was clearly involved in an "alteration" of a building.
The Court of Appeals, in Joblon v Solow (91 NY2d 457 [1998]), defined "alteration"under Labor Law § 240 (1) as something which "requires making a significant physicalchange to the configuration or composition of [a] building or structure" (id. at 465). Inthat case, the plaintiff was injured as he was making a hole in an interior wall of an office, toroute an extension cord to power a wall clock. The Court of Appeals found that this activityconstituted an alteration under the statute. The Court noted that "Joblon did more than the routineact of standing on a ladder to hang a clock on a wall" (id. at 465).
Together with Joblon, the Court of Appeals decided Weininger v Hagedorn &Co. (91 NY2d 958 [1998]). That case also addressed the term "alteration" as used in section240 (1). The plaintiff in Weininger was injured while pulling computer and telephonewires through holes in a ceiling to connect the telephone and computer in an adjoining room.Citing Joblon, the Court of Appeals held that this work constituted an "alteration" underLabor Law § 240 (1). It is my position that plaintiff's job of locating and splicing atelephone cable to extend upgraded [*5]telephone service to oneof the tenants at the subject building, like the Weininger plaintiff pulling telephone andcable wire through holes to extend these services to an adjoining room, was a covered"alteration" under section 240 (1).
Subsequent to Joblon and Weininger, this Court has found a covered"alteration" in two cases which are similarly factually indistinguishable. In Campbell v City of New York (32AD3d 703, 705 [2006]), we held that the act of splicing an amplifier box into a cabletelevision line was an "alteration" under section 240 (1). In Sarigul v New York Tel. Co. (4 AD3d 168 [2004], lv denied3 NY3d 606 [2004]), we held that stripping insulation from an existing cable wireconstituted an alteration under the statute. A finding that the instant job of splicing a telephonewire was a covered "alteration" falls squarely within these holdings.
The Second Department has also interpreted "alteration" to encompass a cable wireinstallation (Bedassee v 3500 Snyder Ave. Owners Corp., 266 AD2d 250 [1999]), but notthe installation of lighting for a theatrical production (Lioce v Theatre Row Studios, 7 AD3d 493 [2004]). Lioce,cited by the majority, is distinguishable on its facts and in any event not binding on this Court.
The majority cites Panek v County of Albany (99 NY2d 452 [2003]) to state theJoblon standard. However, while Panek did determine that there was a covered"alteration" under Labor Law § 240 (1), the crux of the Panek decision was that aplanned demolition of a building did not preclude a finding that the same building had beenaltered. That holding is not relevant here. There were no plans to demolish the building whereplaintiff was working.
The majority's reliance upon DiBenedetto v Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J. (293 AD2d399 [2002], lv denied 98 NY2d 610 [2002]), is also misplaced. In that case, plaintiff wasinjured when he fell from the fender of a crane while removing two bolts and replacing a part.This Court concluded that plaintiff's work did not constitute an alteration of a building orstructure. However, the plaintiff in DiBenedetto was performing repair work, which isdissimilar to the instant plaintiff's assigned task of splicing fiber optic wire to reconfigure thewiring and upgrade a tenant's phone service.
The majority also relies on Rowlett v Great S. Bay Assoc. (237 AD2d 183 [1997],lv denied 90 NY2d 809 [1997]) which is similarly inapposite. In Rowlett, an airconditioning mechanic was sent to perform routine, change of season maintenance at a store in ashopping center. He was assigned to disengage the air-conditioning by changing an electricalswitch (id. at 184). This Court held that while installation of an air conditioner might fallunder section 240 (1), "routine maintenance" of an existing unit did not (id.). Again,unlike the plaintiff in Rowlett, plaintiff here was not performing routine maintenance orrepair. She was spicing a fiber optic cable to provide upgraded digital phone service to a tenant inthe building.
Citing Campbell, Sarigul, and Lewis-Moors v Contel of N.Y. (78NY2d 942, 943 [1991] ["telephone pole with attached hardware, cable and support systemsconstitutes a structure"]), the majority contends plaintiff is not protected by section 240 (1)because the cable she was splicing was not a "structure." However, the statute covers work oneither a "building or structure," and this plaintiff was working on a building. There was notelephone pole in this case, and there was no claim that the cable was a "structure." The partiesdo not contest the fact that the cable was the object which plaintiff was sent to splice to completea telephone upgrade job at the building. The contested issue is whether plaintiff's workconstituted a covered alteration.
It is my firm view that under the holdings of Weininger and Campbell,plaintiff's work was a covered "alteration." Accordingly, I would conclude that plaintiff should beentitled to the protection afforded by Labor Law § 240 (1).