| Lewis v State of New York |
| 2009 NY Slip Op 09586 [68 AD3d 1513] |
| December 24, 2009 |
| Appellate Division, Third Department |
| Susan Lewis et al., Appellants, v State of New York,Respondent. (Claim No. 114768.) |
—[*1] Andrew M. Cuomo, Attorney General, Albany (Robert M. Goldfarb of counsel), forrespondent.
McCarthy, J. Appeal from an order of the Court of Claims (DeBow, J.), entered November 6,2008, which granted defendant's motion to dismiss the claim.
Claimant Susan Lewis (hereinafter claimant) and her husband, derivatively, commenced thisaction alleging negligence against defendant in connection with the notification processundertaken by the Department of Health (hereinafter DOH) to alert patients of HarveyFinkelstein, a physician, to the possibility that they may have contracted a blood-borne diseaseas a result of Finkelstein's improper reuse of syringes. Claimant alleged that she was a patient ofFinkelstein's pain-management practice between 2002 and 2004, that DOH failed to notify herwhen it discovered and investigated Finkelstein's improper practices in late 2004, and that shelearned of the danger only when it was reported in the media three years later, whereupon testingconfirmed that she had contracted hepatitis C. Claimant faults DOH for its failure to undertake amore comprehensive and timely notification process. The Court of Claims granted defendant'smotion to dismiss the claim on the basis of governmental immunity. The court also rejectedclaimant's argument that she was entitled to discovery before the court rendered a determinationon the motion to dismiss. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
"Governmental immunity under the decisional law of this [s]tate does not attach to every act,but when official action involves the exercise of discretion or expert judgment in [*2]policy matters, and is not exclusively ministerial, a municipaldefendant generally is not answerable in damages for the injurious consequences of that action"(Haddock v City of New York, 75 NY2d 478, 484 [1990] [citations omitted]; accordDoe v State of New York, 267 AD2d 913, 915 [1999], lv denied 95 NY2d 759[2000]). "While the line separating discretionary and ministerial action may sometimes blur, it isclear that 'discretionary or quasi-judicial acts involve the exercise of reasoned judgment whichcould typically produce different acceptable results whereas a ministerial act envisions directadherence to a governing rule or standard with a compulsory result' " (Haddock v City ofNew York, 75 NY2d at 484, quoting Tango v Tulevech, 61 NY2d 34, 41 [1983]).
The Court of Appeals has recently clarified the application of governmental immunity,confirming that "[g]overnment action, if discretionary, may not be a basis for liability, whileministerial actions may be, but only if they violate a special duty owed to the plaintiff, apartfrom any duty to the public in general" (McLean v City of New York, 12 NY3d 194, 203[2009]). Claimant argued that allegations of a special duty were unnecessary. Her position isuntenable in light of the Court of Appeals' decision in McLean. In any event, a review ofher submissions for any reasonable inference that a special relationship has been alleged (seeBell v Village of Stamford, 51 AD3d 1263, 1264 [2008]; see also Stata v Village ofWaterford, 225 AD2d 163, 167-168 [1996]) reveals none.
" 'A special relationship can be formed in three ways: (1) when the [government] violates astatutory duty enacted for the benefit of a particular class of persons; (2) when it voluntarilyassumes a duty that generates justifiable reliance by the person who benefits from the duty; or(3) when the [government] assumes positive direction and control in the face of a known, blatantand dangerous safety violation' " (McLean v City of New York, 12 NY3d at 199, quotingPelaez v Seide, 2 NY3d 186, 199-200 [2004]; see Garrett v Holiday Inns, 58NY2d 253, 261-262 [1983]). Claimant's references to the Public Health Law (see PublicHealth Law § 201 [1] [c]; § 206 [1] [a], [b], [e]; [4] [a]; §§ 2100, 2170)do not identify the breach of any statutory duty enacted for the benefit of "a particular class ofpersons" to which claimant belongs and from which a private right of action may be inferred(see McLean v City of New York, 12 NY3d at 200; Pelaez v Seide, 2 NY3d at200-201). Nor does claimant allege that DOH engaged in direct contact with her andaffirmatively undertook a duty to act on her behalf and that she justifiably relied upon thatundertaking (see McLean v City of New York, 12 NY3d at 201; Pelaez v Seide,2 NY3d at 202). Finally, although claimant did allege that DOH investigated Finkelstein and sentnotices to some of his patients advising them of the possibility that they had contracted hepatitisC, issuance of health advisories does not equate with assuming positive direction and control inthe face of a known, blatant and dangerous safety violation (see Pelaez v Seide, 2 NY3dat 203-204). Consequently, the failure to allege the breach of a special duty was fatal toclaimant's cause of action and her claim was properly dismissed (see McLean v City of NewYork, 12 NY3d at 203; Lauer v City of New York, 95 NY2d 95, 100-101 [2000]).
Even if claimant had properly alleged a special duty, DOH's conduct still would not havegiven rise to liability. Claimant contends that DOH's drawn-out notification process was either afailure to exercise any discretion or reasoned judgment when called upon to do so, or thenegligent performance of a ministerial act. Media reports attached to claimant's oppositionpapers noted that public officials had acknowledged a failure to properly prioritize thenotification process. However, the setting of priorities and the allocation of agency resources areinherently exercises of discretion (see Matter of Abrams v New York City Tr. Auth., 39NY2d 990, 992 [1976]; Matter of Scoralick v Milonas, 207 AD2d 159, 161 [1995],appeal dismissed 85 [*3]NY2d 967 [1995], lvdenied 86 NY2d 707 [1995]). Moreover, the same evidence indicates that DOH madeaffirmative decisions regarding the scope and timing of notifications, and that it activelyconsidered whether or not to subpoena Finkelstein's records. Such evidence wholly underminesclaimant's argument that DOH failed to exercise any discretion. While DOH's response to thissituation has been roundly criticized and acknowledged as inadequate, "it is not for the courts tosecond-guess the wisdom of discretionary governmental choices, troubling though they maysometimes seem in the glaring clarity of hindsight" (Haddock v City of New York, 75NY2d at 486).
Equally unavailing is claimant's reliance on the sections of the Public Health Law previouslycited herein as the source of a nondiscretionary, ministerial obligation to issue notices to all ofFinkelstein's patients in a more timely manner. Our review of those provisions fails to disclosethat any particular result was compelled by the exercise of authority delegated therein (seeHaddock v City of New York, 75 NY2d at 484; Tango v Tulevech, 61 NY2d at 41).
Claimant's argument that DOH's conduct in notifying Finkelstein's patients of their potentialhealth risk constituted a proprietary rather than a governmental function warrants littlediscussion. It is well settled that "[p]ublic duties properly styled governmental in characterinclude . . . the protection of health" (Augustine v Town of Brant, 249 NY198, 204 [1928]). "Providing advice on health and hygiene issues is a governmental activity"(Pelaez v Seide, 2 NY3d at 203).
Finally, we have reviewed claimant's discovery demands. We agree with the Court of Claimsthat the information claimant sought was not material to its determination of the issue ofgovernmental immunity and no amount of discovery could salvage the claim (see Herzog vTown of Thompson, 216 AD2d 801, 802-803 [1995]; Hoheb v Pathology Assoc. ofAlbany, 146 AD2d 919, 921 [1989]).
Peters, J.P., Rose, Kane and Kavanagh, JJ., concur. Ordered that the order is affirmed,without costs.