| People v Hayes |
| 2010 NY Slip Op 02838 [72 AD3d 441] |
| April 6, 2010 |
| Appellate Division, First Department |
| The People of the State of New York,Respondent, v Kenneth Hayes, Appellant. |
—[*1] Robert M. Morgenthau, District Attorney, New York (Gina Mignola of counsel), forrespondent.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Ronald A. Zweibel, J.), rendered September9, 2005, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of assault in the second degree and criminalpossession of a weapon in the fourth degree, and sentencing him to an aggregate term of twoyears, affirmed.
The People did not violate their disclosure obligations under Brady v Maryland (373US 83 [1963]), and defendant is not entitled to dismissal of the indictment on the ground thatexculpatory material was permanently lost or destroyed by the police. Defendant raised ajustification defense in connection with his stabbing of another patron at a crowded movietheater. Shortly before trial, the prosecutor informed defense counsel that a police sergeant hadjust told him about statements the sergeant overheard at the crime scene minutes after thestabbing, in which two apparently unconnected bystanders commented that the victim had theknife first. The sergeant, who was busy securing the hectic crime scene, did not obtain identitiesor contact information for these persons. Although the information that the victim had the knifefirst was material to the issue of justification and favorable to the defense, the People did notsuppress it; under the circumstances, earlier disclosure would not have enabled defendant tomake use of it. Defendant argues that regardless of whether or not he acted in good faith, thesergeant was obligated to "preserve" the exculpatory information by asking, or directing anotherofficer to ask the two bystanders for their pedigrees, and that disclosure of the content of theirstatements was pointless without providing contact information. There is no question that lawenforcement agencies are required to preserve exculpatory evidence already in their possession.However, although the dissent faults the police for not obtaining the identities or contactinformation of the bystanders, the law is clear that they are not required to affirmatively acquireor gather additional evidence that might be helpful to the accused (People v Alvarez, 70NY2d 375, 381 [1987]). This case does not involve a duty to memorialize or otherwise preserveinformation already known (cf. Peoplev Bayard, 63 AD3d 481 [2009], lv granted 13 NY3d 858 [2009]). Here, theidentities of the bystanders and their contact information were never known to law enforcement.Finally, the bystanders were never in the People's control, and merely acquiring their pedigreeswould not have placed them in such control (compare People v Jenkins, 41 NY2d 307,310-311 [1977]). The failure of the police to perform a function not required of [*2]them should not be used to support the basis for aninterest-of-justice argument.
The court properly exercised its discretion in precluding the defense from using thebystanders' statements on cross-examination for the purpose of challenging the thoroughness ofthe police investigation, specifically by showing that the police should have tested the knife forthe victim's fingerprints and interviewed the bystanders.
The dissent contends that the court's failure to specifically instruct the jury that a finding ofnot guilty of the greater crime based on justification precluded it from considering the lesserincluded offenses—a "stop consideration" charge—compels reversal of thejudgment and dismissal of the indictment. Although acknowledging that this claim isunpreserved by reason of defendant's failure to object to the charge as given (see People v LaPetina, 9 NY3d854 [2007]), the dissent argues that we should, in the interest of justice, exercise ourdiscretion and consider this claim.
While our powers of review "in the interest of justice" are extremely broad (CPL 470.15 [6]),they are not unlimited and should be exercised with care. In this regard, we have long held thatin exercising this power, "we must guard against being capricious and whimsical, affirmingwhen we feel like it, and reversing when we feel like it" (People v Kidd, 76 AD2d 665,667 [1980], lv dismissed 51 NY2d 882 [1980]; see also People v Bourne, 139AD2d 210, 215 [1988], lv denied 72 NY2d 955 [1988]).
The evidence at trial revealed that defendant and six of his friends went to a large multiplexcinema in Times Square. Because the theater was crowded, they sat in the uppermost tier of thetheater. For 15 minutes after the movie started, 10 people in the front near the screen weretalking and making noise, which "annoyed" defendant and his friends, as well as other patrons inthe theater. Defendant claimed that when he went down alone to confront the noisemakers, thevictim jumped up and began arguing with him. When the victim reached into his waistband,defendant believed he had a weapon. According to defendant, the victim took a swing at him andhe could tell from the reflection on the movie screen that the victim had a knife. Defendanttestified that both he and the victim fell to the floor, and in the scuffle, he took the knife awayfrom the victim. Defendant further testified that although he now had the knife, the victimcontinued to attack him and that he was only trying to protect himself, not to stab the victim. Inthe melee that followed, defendant ran from the building and was observed by a police officerdiscarding the knife under a car. As was to be expected in this type of scenario, the victim, aswell as other witnesses who testified both for and against defendant, gave varying stories as towhat had taken place.
The jury was thus faced with a classic credibility determination, one that is not changed bythe absence of any testimony from the two unknown bystanders. Having observed the witnesseswho did testify, and hearing the testimony that was subject to cross-examination, the jurors werein the best position to determine which version of the incident was most credible. In fact, onappeal defendant does not challenge the legal sufficiency of the proof that persuaded the jury toconvict him of assault in the second degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the fourthdegree. Factually, there is no reason to set aside the verdict in the interests of justice.
With respect to the jury instruction, the record is clear that defense counsel did not, in fact,request a "stop consideration" charge. Rather, he asked for and received a charge thatjustification applies to all three assault counts.
Notably, it was the People who requested the "stop consideration" charge. Defense counselagreed, stating, "If they find it is justified, it is an acquittal." The court thereafter instructed thejury that the People were required to prove each element of each crime charged, and to disprovejustification "with regard to each count that you [*3]willconsider." Although the court did not give a specific "stop consideration" charge in itsinstructions to the jury (see People v Roberts, 280 AD2d 415 [2001], lv denied96 NY2d 906 [2001]), the charge, when read as a whole, "adequately conveyed the principle thatif the jury found that defendant was not guilty of a greater charge on the basis of justification, itwas not to consider any lesser counts" (People v White, 66 AD3d 585, 586 [2009]). Defense counsel didnot object after the charge, and it thus became the law of the case.
In short, the underlying facts and applicable law do not warrant the exercise of ourinterests-of-justice review, and the conviction should be affirmed. Concur—Andrias, J.P.,Saxe and Sweeny, JJ.
Moskowitz and Abdus-Salaam, JJ., dissent in a memorandum by Abdus-Salaam, J., asfollows: I respectfully dissent. The charge on justification was erroneous. Under thecircumstances, we should, in the interest of justice, exercise our discretion and reverse theconviction for assault in the second degree. The trial court's error "in failing to instruct the jurorsthat if they found the defendant not guilty of a greater charge on the basis of justification, theywere not to consider any lesser counts, is of such nature and degree so as to constitute reversibleerror" (People v Feuer, 11 AD3d633, 634 [2004]; see also People v Roberts, 280 AD2d 415 [2001], lv denied96 NY2d 906 [2001]), and is compelling reason to exercise our discretion in the interest ofjustice (see CPL 470.15 [6] [a]).
I disagree with the majority's assessment that the charge, when read as a whole, adequatelyconveyed the law on justification to the jury. In People v White (66 AD3d 585 [2009]), cited by the majority,where this Court held that "the court's instructions adequately conveyed the principle that if thejury found that defendant was not guilty of a greater charge on the basis of justification, it wasnot to consider any lesser counts" (at 586), the record showed the court charged that if the juryfound the People had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was notjustified on the top count, then they must find the defendant not guilty on all counts of assault.This is the charge on justification set forth in the Criminal Jury Instructions (CJI2d[NY]Defense, Justification: Use of Deadly Physical Force in Defense of a Person), based upon ourdecision in Roberts (280 AD2d 415 [2001], supra), as well as decisions fromother Departments.
The charge given in this case did not track the language of the CJI charge, nor did itadequately convey the proper legal principles applicable to the defense of justification. As thereis no way of knowing whether the acquittals of first-degree assault and attempted first-degreeassault were based on a finding of justification (People v Roberts, 280 AD2d 415[2001], supra), the judgment should be reversed. The error committed by the trial courtin failing to properly charge the jury regarding the defense of justification is particularlyegregious in this case where the defense was greatly hampered because the police did not obtainthe identities of the bystanders who had been heard to say that the victim had the knife first.Defendant had no way of contacting these individuals in order to obtain their testimony at trial.Thus, the majority's observation that the jury was faced with a classic credibility determinationand that factually, there is no reason to set aside the verdict in the interest of justice, appears tobe made without any [*4]consideration that defendant wasdeprived of an opportunity to contact witnesses that the police confirmed might very well havebeen helpful in establishing a justification defense.