| People v Freeman |
| 2012 NY Slip Op 06032 [98 AD3d 682] |
| August 22, 2012 |
| Appellate Division, Second Department |
| The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v ErrolA. Freeman, Appellant. |
—[*1] Kathleen M. Rice, District Attorney, Mineola, N.Y. (Laurie K. Gibbons and Monica M.C.Leiter of counsel), for respondent.
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Nassau County (Sullivan,J.), rendered November 18, 2010, convicting him of burglary in the third degree, upon a juryverdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is modified, on the facts, by reducing the defendant's conviction ofburglary in the third degree to criminal trespass in the third degree, and vacating the sentenceimposed thereon; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, and the matter is remitted to theSupreme Court, Nassau County, for sentencing on the conviction of criminal trespass in the thirddegree.
On October 28, 2009, the then-55-year-old defendant, who purported to be homeless, wasdiscovered at approximately 11:00 a.m. in the detached garage of the complainant's home. It hadrained the previous night, as well as earlier that morning. When confronted by the complainant,the defendant apologized, ran out of the garage, and fled on his bicycle. The complainant called911, and shortly thereafter a police officer arrested the defendant a few blocks from thecomplainant's home. At trial, through defense counsel's summation, the defendant conceded thathe knowingly entered the complainant's garage without permission to do so, but maintained thathe did not intend to steal anything and was only seeking shelter from the rain.
The defendant was charged with burglary in the third degree and the lesser-included offenseof criminal trespass in the third degree. At trial, the complainant testified that a miter saw in thegarage had been moved from a work bench to the floor. The arresting officer testified that thedefendant initially lied about where he was coming from when he was stopped. Based on thisevidence, the jury convicted the defendant of burglary in the third degree.
Here, the complainant's inconsistent testimony on direct examination that he saw thedefendant leaning over the miter saw, and then, on cross-examination, that he saw the defendantin the act of wrapping the power cord around the miter saw, failed to establish that the defendantharbored the requisite criminal intent (see Penal Law § 140.20). Furthermore, thedefendant did not [*2]attempt to flee when he was stopped by thepolice and told the officer that he was homeless. Nothing had been taken from the garage, whichthe complainant had left unlocked, and there were no signs of forced entry or vandalism. Neitherburglar's tools nor stolen property were found in the defendant's possession, and no credibleevidence was presented to negate the defendant's contention that he entered the unlocked garagein order to seek shelter from the rain.
Upon the exercise of our factual review power (see CPL 470.15), and based upon theforegoing, we agree with the defendant that his conviction was against the weight of theevidence. In conducting our weight-of-the-evidence analysis, we must first determine, basedupon the credible evidence, whether a different result would have been unreasonable and, if itwould not have been, then we must " 'weigh the relative probative force of conflicting testimonyand the relative strength of conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony' "(People v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495 [1987], quoting People ex rel. MacCracken vMiller, 291 NY 55, 62 [1943]). Applying this standard of review to the proof adduced at thedefendant's trial, we determine that an acquittal on the charge of burglary in the third degree thatwas submitted to the jury would not have been unreasonable based upon the evidence presentedand, moreover, that the jury failed to accord the evidence the weight it should have beenaccorded (see People v Romero, 7NY3d 633 [2006]). However, the weight of the credible evidence supports a finding that thedefendant committed the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass in the third degree(see Penal Law § 140.10 [a]). Accordingly, the judgment must be modified byreducing the defendant's conviction of burglary in the third degree to criminal trespass in thethird degree (see CPL 470.15 [5]), and vacating the sentence imposed thereon, and thematter must be remitted to the Supreme Court, Nassau County, for sentencing on the convictionof criminal trespass in the third degree (see CPL 470.20 [4]).
The defendant's Batson argument (see Batson v Kentucky, 476 US 79 [1986])is without merit (see People vCajigas, 82 AD3d 544 [2011], lv granted 17 NY3d 814 [2011]; People v Booker, 49 AD3d 658,659 [2008]).
The defendant's remaining contentions need not be reached in light of our determination.Dillon, J.P., Leventhal, and Sgroi, JJ., concur.
Skelos, J.P., dissents and votes to affirm the judgment with the following memorandum: Byconvicting the defendant of burglary in the third degree (see Penal Law § 140.20),the jury implicitly found that, at the time the defendant entered the garage, he had an intent tocommit a crime therein. In conducting its weight-of-the-evidence review, the majority hasessentially determined that the jury's finding in this regard was not "justified" (People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342,348 [2007]; see People v Mateo, 2 NY3d 383, 410 [2004], cert denied 542 US946 [2004]). However, based on the weight of the credible evidence, I believe that finding wasjustified (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d at 348). Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
The complainant lived in a house located in East Meadow, Nassau County. The house had adetached garage. The garage was accessible via a side door, which the complainant keptunlocked. A work bench was inside the garage. The complainant kept several tools on the workbench, including a mounted 10-inch, 15-pound miter chop saw. He did not keep the saw's powercord wrapped around the unit.
On the evening of October 27, 2009, it began raining in East Meadow. The next day, atapproximately 10:58 a.m., the complainant went to the side door of the garage. It was no longerraining at this point. The complainant noticed that the side door of the garage was ajar. When thecomplainant looked inside the garage, he observed a man whom he identified at trial as thedefendant. The complainant had not given the defendant, who was a stranger, permission to enterthe garage. The complainant noticed that the miter saw was no longer on the work bench, butrather, was on the floor of the garage. The complainant observed the defendant "leaning over" thesaw. Although there was a minor discrepancy in the complainant's testimony about whether heobserved [*3]the defendant wrapping the saw's power cordaround the unit, it is undisputed that, at this point, the cord was now wrapped around the unit.The complainant "yelled" at the defendant: "[W]hat are you doing in there?" In response, thedefendant exited the garage through the side door, apologized to the complainant, got onto abicycle, and pedaled away.
At 11:01 a.m., the complainant called the police to report the incident. Approximately fourminutes later, Police Officer Jon Paloscio, who was in a nearby patrol car, received a radiotransmission about the incident, as well as a description of the perpetrator. Soon thereafter, heobserved the defendant riding a bicycle. Officer Paloscio stopped, and spoke with, the defendant.Officer Paloscio asked the defendant, who produced a photographic identification card listing aHempstead residence, what he was doing in the neighborhood. The defendant replied that he"just came back from" the Nassau County Medical Center. Officer Paloscio, who realized that thedefendant was actually riding his bicycle towards the Nassau County Medical Center,became more suspicious that the defendant was the man who was reported to have been insidethe garage.
Another police officer transported the complainant to Officer Paloscio and the defendant.The complainant then identified the defendant as the man who had been inside the garage.Officer Paloscio then arrested the defendant.
The defendant did not testify on his own behalf, nor did he present any evidence.
On summation, defense counsel argued that the evidence showed that when the defendantentered the garage, he did not have the intent to commit a crime therein. Rather, defense counselcontended that the evidence showed that the defendant was "just a homeless guy trying to get outof the rain," and was "looking for shelter from the storm."
The trial court submitted the crime of burglary in the third degree to the jury. The trial courtalso submitted, as a lesser-included offense, the crime of criminal trespass in the third degree.The defendant was convicted of burglary in the third degree.
The trial court properly charged the jury that a person is guilty of burglary in the third degree"when he knowingly enters . . . a building with intent to commit a crime therein"(Penal Law § 140.20). On appeal, the defendant contends, inter alia, that the evidence waslegally insufficient to support the jury's implicit finding that at the time he entered the garage, hehad an intent to commit a crime therein. Although the defendant's legal sufficiency argument isrendered academic by the majority's determination, I note that the argument is unpreserved forappellate review (see CPL 470.05 [2]), because defense counsel merely made ageneralized motion to dismiss at the close of the People's case (see People v Hodges, 257AD2d 630 [1999]; People v McCrea, 194 AD2d 742 [1993]; People v Webber,184 AD2d 540 [1992]). In any event, the argument is without merit, because when viewing theevidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution (see People v Contes, 60 NY2d620, 621 [1983]), the jury could rationally find that at the time the defendant entered the garage,he intended to commit a crime therein, specifically, larceny.
Oftentimes, there is no direct evidence of a defendant's intent to commit a crime at the timethe defendant enters a building (see People v Giannizzero, 209 AD2d 635, 636 [1994]).Indeed, a defendant will "rarely . . . express[ ]" such an intent (People vJackson, 171 AD2d 813, 813 [1991]). However, that intent may be established by proof ofthe defendant's conduct and other facts and circumstances (see People v Mackey, 49NY2d 274, 279 [1980]). Here, the defendant's conduct and certain other facts and circumstancesprovided a rational basis for the jury to infer that the defendant had a larcenous intent when heentered the garage.
Evidence that a defendant handled someone else's property while inside a building heunlawfully entered may support a finding that at the time he entered the building, he intended tocommit a crime therein (see People v McCrea, 194 AD2d at 743-744; People vAgostinello, 191 AD2d 639 [1993]; People v Ryan, 180 AD2d 769 [1992]). Here,there was evidence supporting the inference that the defendant handled the complainant'sproperty while inside the garage. In this regard, evidence supported the inference that thedefendant, who was found "leaning" over a miter saw on the floor, [*4]had removed the 15-pound saw from its mounting on a work bench,placed the miter saw on the floor, and wrapped the saw's power cord around the unit (seePeople v Santana, 143 AD2d 207 [1988]).
Evidence that a defendant who unlawfully entered a building gave false information whenconfronted by the police may also support a finding that at the time he entered the building, heintended to commit a crime therein (see People v McCrea, 194 AD2d at 743-744). Here,there was evidence that when the defendant was confronted by Officer Paloscio soon after theincident, he gave Officer Paloscio false information. In this regard, although the defendant hadbeen traveling towards the Nassau County Medical Center, he told Officer Paloscio that he wascoming from the Nassau County Medical Center.
Finally, if a defendant who unlawfully entered a building gave or gives an "improbableexcuse" for entering the building, this circumstance may also support a finding that at the time heor she entered the building, he or she intended to commit a crime therein (People vMonge, 248 AD2d 558, 559 [1998]; see People v Diaz, 53 AD3d 504, 505 [2008]; People vWilliams, 221 AD2d 673 [1995]; People v Figueroa, 167 AD2d 555 [1990];People v Giles, 161 AD2d 663 [1990]). Here, the defendant's excuse for entering thegarage—as advanced by defense counsel—was that he was a homeless personseeking shelter from the rain. However, there was ample evidence from which the jury couldrationally reject that excuse for entering the garage. Aside from the circumstances discussedabove, which supported the conclusion that the defendant intended to commit a larceny at thetime he entered the garage, it is crucial to note that the defendant remained inside the garage afterit stopped raining.
Turning now to the issue of whether the jury verdict was against the weight of the evidence,as the majority notes, weight-of-the-evidence review requires this Court "first to determinewhether an acquittal would not have been unreasonable" (People v Danielson, 9 NY3d at348). Here, an acquittal of the crime of burglary in the third degree would not have beenunreasonable. Indeed, a finding that, at the time the defendant entered the garage, he did notintend to commit a crime therein, would not have been unreasonable. In this regard, certaincircumstances might make it seem plausible that he truly was homeless, and, at the time heentered the garage, merely intended to get out of the rain. For example, it had been raining on themorning of the incident. Moreover, nothing was actually removed from the garage.
Upon finding that an acquittal would not have been unreasonable, this Court must "weighconflicting testimony, review any rational inferences that may be drawn from the evidence andevaluate the strength of such conclusions" (id. at 348). "Based on the weight of thecredible evidence," this Court must then "decide[ ] whether the jury was justified in finding thedefendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" (id. at 348; see People v Mateo, 2NY3d at 410).
Keeping in mind that this Court should be careful not to substitute its judgment for that ofthe jury's (see People v Romero, 7NY3d 633, 644 [2006]; People v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495 [1987]), I conclude,unlike the majority, that the jury was "justified" in finding that, at the time the defendant enteredthe garage, he intended to commit a crime therein. This is because it was fair for the jury, whichwas not bound to accept the defendant's claimed purpose for entering the garage (see People vGiannizzero, 209 AD2d at 636; People v Giles, 161 AD2d at 663), to reject thedefendant's assertion that he was a homeless person seeking shelter from the rain and did notintend to steal anything from the garage. After all, as discussed above, there was ample evidencefrom which the jury could rationally reject that explanation. Furthermore, it should be pointedout that there was no evidence at trial establishing that the defendant, who possessed anidentification card indicating that he had a residence, was actually homeless. Rather, OfficerPaloscio merely testified that the defendant—who did not testify or put on a defensecase—told him that he was homeless.
In summary, this case is not one where a jury rejected a defendant's "persuasive. . . explanation" for his unlawful entry into a building and, hence, is not a casewarranting the exercise of this Court's factual review power to vacate a conviction (People vPerpepaj, 249 AD2d 223, 225 [1998]). For that reason, and because the defendant'sremaining contentions are without merit, I would affirm the defendant's judgment of conviction.