| People v Johnson |
| 2017 NY Slip Op 03804 [150 AD3d 1390] |
| May 11, 2017 |
| Appellate Division, Third Department |
[*1]
| The People of the State of New York,Respondent, v Jermaine Johnson, Appellant. |
Paul J. Connolly, Delmar, for appellant.
P. David Soares, District Attorney, Albany (Emily A. Schultz of counsel), forrespondent.
Garry, J. Appeals (1) from a judgment of the Supreme Court (McDonough, J.), rendered May2, 2013 in Albany County, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of criminalpossession of marihuana in the first degree, assault in the second degree, unlawful fleeing from apolice officer in a motor vehicle in the third degree, reckless driving and resisting arrest, and (2)from a judgment of said court, rendered August 28, 2013 in Albany County, which resentenceddefendant on his conviction of assault in the second degree.
A state trooper stopped defendant's vehicle after seeing him change lanes illegally. Uponsmelling marihuana, the trooper directed defendant to get out of the car, and defendant did so.When the trooper told him that he intended to search the vehicle, defendant charged the trooper,punched him in the head and fled in the vehicle. A car chase ensued in which defendant traveledat speeds over 100 miles per hour, ran red lights, nearly caused several accidents and ultimatelycrashed into several parked cars. Defendant then fled on foot and was caught and arrested after astruggle with several pursuing officers. A search of his vehicle revealed a bag containing whatwas later identified as over 10 pounds of marihuana. Defendant was charged with several crimesand, following a jury trial, convicted of criminal possession of marihuana in the first degree,assault in the second degree, unlawful fleeing from a police officer in a motor vehicle in the thirddegree, reckless driving and resisting arrest. He was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of4
[*2] Before trial, the People moved topreclude defendant from cross-examining the trooper about a previous reprimand. Defendantopposed the motion, arguing that he was entitled under Brady v Maryland (373 US 83[1963]) to disclosure of that part of the trooper's personnel records pertaining to the reprimand sothat he could determine whether it was relevant to his cross-examination. When Supreme Courtinquired as to the factual basis for this request, defense counsel stated that the request was basedon "gossip among defense lawyers" and upon a transcript of the trooper's testimony in a priorcase, in which he confirmed that he had previously been reprimanded for a reason unspecified,other than that it did not relate to search and seizure. Supreme Court did not find this toconstitute an adequate basis for disclosure, and declined to direct the People to turn over therecords.
The personnel records of police officers, including documents pertaining to misconduct orviolations of rules, are confidential and are not subject to inspection or review, as pertinent here,"except as may be mandated by lawful court order" (Civil Rights Law § 50-a [1];see Matter of Prisoners' Legal Servs. of N.Y. v New York State Dept. of CorrectionalServs., 73 NY2d 26, 31-32 [1988]). Upon "a clear showing of facts sufficient to warrant. . . review," a judge may issue an order directing the records to be sealed and sent tothe judge for an in camera review, after which the judge shall order disclosure of any recordsfound to be relevant and material (Civil Rights Law § 50-a [2]; see CivilRights Law § 50-a [3]). Defendant now argues that Supreme Court erred in failingto conduct such an in camera review. However, it is conceded that counsel failed to request sucha review at trial, and instead asked only that Supreme Court order the records to be turned overdirectly. To the limited extent that the request may nevertheless be deemed preserved, it has notbeen shown that in camera review was warranted, given defendant's failure to show a good faithfactual predicate for the request (seePeople v Darrell, 145 AD3d 1316, 1319-1320 [2016]; Matter of Dunnigan vWaverly Police Dept., 279 AD2d 833, 834 [2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 710 [2001];see also People v Gissendanner, 48 NY2d 543, 550-551 [1979]).
Supreme Court did not commit reversible error by denying defendant's challenge for cause onthe ground that a juror's "state of mind [was] likely to preclude [her] from rendering an impartialverdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial" (CPL 270.20 [1] [b]). During voir dire, thejuror stated that, several years previously, she had called the police after seeing a man assault awoman and throw her to the ground. Asked whether anything about this experience would affecther judgment in defendant's case, the juror initially expressed some uncertainty. However, afterfurther colloquy with counsel and the court, she stated that she was comfortable serving on thejury, confirmed that the previous experience would not affect her ability to evaluate the evidence,and repeatedly affirmed without equivocation that she would be able to be fair and impartial.These unambiguous assurances were sufficient to "dispel any doubt as to equivocation [and]assure an impartial jury" (People v Chambers, 97 NY2d 417, 419 [2002]; see People v Warrington, 28 NY3d1116, 1120-1121 [2016]; People v Williams, 63 NY2d 882, 884-885 [1984]).
Next, defendant contends that the trial evidence was legally insufficient and that the verdictis against the weight of the evidence, in that the conviction for assault in the second degree wasnot supported by evidence that the trooper was physically injured, and the conviction for criminalpossession of marihuana in the first degree was not supported by evidence that the weight of themarihuana was accurately determined. The Penal Law defines physical injury for this purpose asan "impairment of physical condition or substantial pain" (Penal Law § 10.00 [9]).Substantial pain, in turn, "must be more than slight or trivial but need not be severe or intense"(People v Hicks, 128 AD3d1221, 1222 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted], lv denied 26NY3d 930 [2015]). The trooper testified that defendant was sitting on the [*3]bumper of the patrol car and the trooper was about six feet away,between defendant and his vehicle, when the trooper informed defendant that his vehicle wouldbe searched. Defendant then got up with a "crazed, dazed look in his eye," ran toward the trooperand punched him in the side of the head, sending the trooper into the guide rail. The trooperstated that he saw a brief flash of light when he was struck, but did not lose consciousness. Afterdefendant's arrest, the trooper went to the emergency room because of a headache, pain and"tenderness" in his head. He was diagnosed with a concussion and instructed to stay out of workuntil his symptoms abated.[FN1] For several days, he had what he described as a"substantial headache," which made it difficult to sleep and to lie down. He testified that he tookTylenol and Advil for pain, and that he also lost his appetite for several days.
The treating emergency room physician testified that the trooper complained of head trauma,headache and having seen a flash of light upon impact. The physician described the diagnosis ofa concussion as "straightforward," stating that radiological findings were not required and thatthe trooper's symptoms of head trauma and persistent headache "by definition . . .make the diagnosis." The physician stated that a primary concern following a concussion is toavoid the risk of a second head injury, known as second impact syndrome, and that the trooperwas directed to stay out of work for this reason until his symptoms were gone. He further statedthat the flash of light seen by the trooper was a common finding in head injuries and could havebeen a sign of mechanical trauma that caused a discharge of neurons in the occipital lobe of hisbrain.
Factors taken into account in evaluating whether a physical injury has occurred "include theinjury viewed objectively, the victim's subjective description of the injury and his or her pain,and whether the victim sought medical treatment" (People v Hicks, 128 AD3d at 1222[internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted]). Here, we are satisfied that theevidence of physical injury was legally sufficient to support the verdict (see People v Newman, 71 AD3d1509, 1509-1510 [2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 754 [2010]; People v Williams, 46 AD3d 1115,1116-1117 [2007], lv denied 10 NY3d 818 [2008]; People v James, 2 AD3d 291, 291 [2003], lv denied 2NY3d 741 [2004]; People v Porter, 305 AD2d 933, 933-934 [2003], lv denied100 NY2d 586 [2003]), and that defendant's assault conviction was not against the weight of theevidence (see People v Williams, 46 AD3d at 1117; see also People v Hendrix, 132 AD3d 1348, 1349 [2015], lvdenied 26 NY3d 1145 [2016]).
As to the conviction for criminal possession of marihuana in the first degree, we rejectdefendant's contention that the People failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that thesubstance weighed more than 10 pounds (see Penal Law § 221.30) becausethey did not introduce calibration records or other proof of the accuracy of the scale on which therecovered marihuana was weighed.[FN2] A forensic scientist testified that he used aprecision balance to weigh the [*4]marihuana and found itsweight to be 4,703 grams, or approximately 10.3 pounds. He testified that he weighed only thesubstance, not the plastic bags in which it was packed, and that he had previously conductedhundreds of such weight tests. The scientist did not testify that he calibrated the scale beforeweighing the marihuana, but he was not asked whether he had done so, and there was noevidence of a malfunction or of any other reason to doubt the reliability of the scale or theprocedures used. Accordingly, the People were not required to introduce evidence of the scale'saccuracy, and the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence (see People v Parker, 84 AD3d1508, 1510 [2011], lv denied 18 NY3d 927 [2012]; see also People v Singleton, 135 AD3d1165, 1167-1168 [2016], lv denied 27 NY3d 969 [2016]).
Supreme Court did not err in denying defendant's motion to preclude an investigator'stestimony identifying defendant's voice on an audio recording on the ground that the Peoplefailed to give notice of the identification pursuant to CPL 710.30 (1) (b). The People mustprovide timely notice to a defendant when they "intend to offer at a trial . . .testimony regarding an observation of the defendant either at the time or place of the commissionof the offense or upon some other occasion relevant to the case, to be given by a witness who haspreviously identified him as such" (CPL 710.30 [1] [b]). The purpose of this requirement is toprovide the defendant with an opportunity to inquire into whether misleading or suggestiveprocedures were used in the prior identification that could affect the reliability of a subsequentin-court identification (see People v Gissendanner, 48 NY2d at 552; People v Butler, 16 AD3d 915,916 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 786 [2005]). Thus, the notice requirement does not applyto every in-court identification by a witness who observed a defendant more than once before thetrial. Instead, notice is required only when the identifying witness has experienced "two distinctpretrial 'viewings' of a defendant" in which the witness first observed the defendant at the time orplace of an offense or another relevant occasion, and then participated in "a separate,police-initiated, identification procedure, such as a lineup, showup or photographic array,which takes place subsequent to the observation forming the basis for the witness's trialtestimony and prior to the trial" (People v Peterson, 194 AD2d 124, 128 [1993], lvdenied 83 NY2d 856 [1994]).
Here, the investigator testified that he interviewed defendant shortly after his arrest and thusbecame familiar with his voice. Based upon that familiarity, he recognized defendant's voice in arecording of a subsequent telephone call made from the correctional facility where defendant wasthen being held, and identified him in court as the speaker on the recording. The investigator'sinitial interview with defendant was not a police-initiated identification procedure that couldhave raised a possibility of undue suggestiveness, and no such procedure took place after theinvestigator listened to the recording. This evidence does not fall within the scope of CPL710.30, and no statutory notice of the investigator's identification of defendant as the speaker wasrequired (see People v Butler, 16 AD3d at 916-917; People v Rufin, 237 AD2d866, 867 [1997]; People v Peterson, 194 AD2d at 128-129).
We agree with defendant that Supreme Court erred in permitting the People to elicittestimony about defendant's invocation of his right to silence and to comment on that testimonyin summation. "[I]t is axiomatic that when a defendant invokes his or her constitutional rightagainst self-incrimination, the People may not use his or her silence against him or her on theirdirect case" (People v Goldston, 6AD3d 736, 737 [2004]; see Peoplev Hunt, 18 AD3d 891, 892 [2005]). The principle applies when a defendantunequivocally states his or her desire to halt all questioning, even if he or she has previouslyresponded to other questions (see People v Von Werne, 41 NY2d 584, 588 [1977];People v Hunt, 18 AD3d at 892). A State Police investigator testified at trial that heinterviewed defendant after his arrest and read him his Miranda rights, which defendantstated that he understood. Defendant then willingly answered a series of [*5]questions about various topics. However, when asked if he hadpunched or pushed the trooper, defendant responded that "he didn't want to say any more."During summation, the prosecutor remarked upon this testimony, noting that when defendantwas asked about striking the trooper, he had not denied that he had done so or offered anexplanation, but instead had stated that he did not want to say anything else. Defendant's counselobjected twice to these remarks, but was overruled. Contrary to the People's assertion,defendant's statement that he did not want to say any more was an "unequivocal and unqualifiedinvocation of [the] right" to remain silent (People v Horton, 46 AD3d 1225, 1226 [2007], lv denied 10NY3d 766 [2008]; see People vWhitley, 78 AD3d 1084, 1085 [2010]). Accordingly, the testimony should not have beenadmitted, and defendant's objections should not have been overruled.
Nevertheless, upon consideration of all of the evidence, we find that the error was harmless.The evidence of defendant's guilt on his various convictions was overwhelming and, in largepart, uncontroverted. Relative to the assault conviction, the evidence included not only thetrooper's testimony describing the encounter with defendant and his resulting injuries anddiagnosis, but also the audio recording of defendant's telephone call from the correctionalfacility, in which defendant's wife said that she had heard that defendant struck the trooper in theface, and defendant responded, "I thumped the officer."[FN3] As we find that there is no reasonablepossibility that the error contributed to defendant's convictions, reversal is not required (see People v Capers, 129 AD3d1313, 1318 [2015], lv denied 27 NY3d 994 [2016]; People v Johnson, 106 AD3d1272, 1277-1278 [2013], lv denied 21 NY3d 1043 [2013]; see generally People vCrimmins, 36 NY2d 230, 237 [1975]).
Peters, P.J., Devine, Mulvey and Aarons, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgments areaffirmed.
Footnote 1:The two days immediatelyfollowing the incident were scheduled days off, and the trooper did not ultimately miss work.
Footnote 2:Defendant failed to preserve hislegal sufficiency challenge on this ground by raising it specifically in his trial motion fordismissal, but this Court's weight of the evidence review necessarily requires us to determinewhether the elements of each crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt (see People v Collier, 146 AD3d1146, 1147-1148 [2017]; People vThiel, 134 AD3d 1237, 1238 [2015], lv denied 27 NY3d 1156 [2016]).
Footnote 3:Upon appeal defendant arguesthat the audio recording was not clear enough to permit the conclusion that this was what he said.However, no such argument was raised in Supreme Court; defendant's trial counsel and theprosecutor agreed that the audio recording was audible before it was admitted.