| People v Avery |
| 2011 NY Slip Op 00288 [80 AD3d 982] |
| January 20, 2011 |
| Appellate Division, Third Department |
| The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v VaughnAvery, Appellant. |
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Garry, J. Appeals (1) from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Sheridan, J.), rendered July 30,1997 in Albany County, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of murder in thesecond degree and attempted robbery in the first degree (two counts), and (2) by permission,from an order of the County Court of Albany County (Herrick, J.), entered December 7, 2009,which denied defendant's motion pursuant to CPL 440.10 to vacate the judgment of conviction,after a hearing.
On an evening in 1996, defendant, Jason Clark and Antonio Spears gathered near a grocerystore in the City of Albany. They encountered an acquaintance of Spears who answered somequestions about the store after exiting. After the acquaintance left the area, defendant and Clark,armed with handguns, entered the store. The store owner was stocking shelves and the victimwas working at the front counter. The owner testified that he heard two shots, looked up, and sawtwo men with covered faces standing near the store entrance, one of whom was holding a gun.He threw jars at the men and they fled. A resident of an upstairs apartment heard the shots, randownstairs and saw two men fleeing on foot. The victim had been fatally shot by Clark. The nextmorning police went to the home of Clark and defendant and placed both men in custody. Clarkdirected police to two handguns concealed in his bedroom.
Defendant was charged with murder in the second degree (felony murder), attempted robberyin the first degree (two counts) and criminal possession of stolen property in the fourth [*2]degree. After a jury trial, defendant was convicted of the first threecounts and acquitted of the criminal possession charge.[FN1]He was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 25 years to life. Defendant moved pursuant toCPL 440.10 to vacate the judgment of conviction. The motion was denied after a hearing.Defendant now appeals from the judgment of conviction and, by permission, from the orderdenying his motion.
Initially, defendant's challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting hisconvictions is unpreserved. His motion to dismiss at the close of the People's case identified nospecific deficiencies in the proof as to the counts on which he was convicted (see People v Hawkins, 11 NY3d484, 492 [2008]; People vNesbitt, 69 AD3d 1109, 1110-1111 [2010], lv denied 14 NY3d 843 [2010]), andhe failed to renew the motion after presenting his own evidence (see People v Lane, 7 NY3d 888,889 [2006]; People v Garrow, 75AD3d 849, 850 [2010]). As defendant acknowledges, his claim that Supreme Courtimproperly instructed the jury on accessorial liability is also unpreserved (see People v Moyer, 75 AD3d1004, 1005 [2010]). The charge, read as a whole, permitted the jury to gather the correctrules to be applied (see People v Dickson, 58 AD3d 1016, 1018 [2009], lv denied12 NY3d 852 [2009]). We find no basis to exercise our interest of justice jurisdiction (see People v Arce, 70 AD3d 1196,1198 [2010]; People v Asai, 66AD3d 1138, 1140 [2009]).
Defendant next raises several arguments related to the trial testimony given by the upstairsapartment resident, whose first language is not English. He contends that he was deprived of hisconstitutional right to confront witnesses against him when the People offered the testimony ofthis witness without an interpreter. To the extent that this argument pertains to defendant's directappeal, it is unpreserved, as defendant did not object to the lack of an interpreter at trial. In anyevent, we would have found no constitutional violation; while the witness had an imperfect graspof the language, her answers to defense counsel's questions were responsive (see People v Bell, 5 AD3d 804,806-807 [2004], lv denied 3 NY3d 636 [2004]).
Defendant next asserts that the People violated Brady v Maryland (373 US 83[1963]) by failing to disclose potential impeachment evidence to the defense, in that this witnessallegedly asked the People to provide an interpreter.[FN2]As pertinent here, a Brady violation occurs when prejudice arises from suppression by thePeople of material evidence that could be used to impeach "a crucial [*3]prosecution witness" (People v Phillips, 55 AD3d 1145, 1149 [2008], lv denied11 NY3d 899 [2008]; see People vFuentes, 12 NY3d 259, 263 [2009]). Assuming, arguendo, that the witness made such arequest and that this could have been used to impeach her, disclosure would have done nothingmore than to demonstrate her limited ability to communicate in English, which was alreadyself-evident. Accordingly, we find no "reasonable probability" that disclosure would have led to adifferent result at trial (People v Fuentes, 12 NY3d at 263).
Defendant further argues that a pretrial statement made by this witness to police—andprovided to him for the first time at the CPL 440.10 hearing—should have been disclosedbefore trial and, because it is written in relatively fluent English, would have permitted him todemonstrate that the police had "manufactured" the statement, thereby impeaching the witness attrial. We find no Brady violation. The statement is somewhat more detailed than the trialtestimony, but it corresponds accurately to the essentials of that testimony and contradicts noneof it. Accordingly, it has little or no impeachment value, and we find no reasonable probabilitythat its disclosure would have affected the result of the trial (see id.). Although thestatement was Rosario material and should have been disclosed, there is no "reasonablepossibility that the non-disclosure materially contributed to the result of the trial" (CPL 240.75;see CPL 240.45 [1] [a]) and, thus, no prejudice exists requiring reversal (see People vFelix-Torres, 281 AD2d 649, 650-651 [2001], lv dismissed 97 NY2d 681 [2001]).
Upon his CPL 440.10 motion, defendant argued that his conviction should be vacatedbecause of newly-discovered evidence in the form of alleged recantations by Clark and theupstairs apartment resident, and because of ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. On themorning after the crime, Clark gave a statement to police indicating that defendant participated inplanning the robbery and was with Clark inside the store when Clark shot the victim; he latertestified to this effect in greater detail during his plea allocution. At the CPL 440.10 hearing, hecontradicted this testimony, claiming that police fabricated his statement and that he testifiedfalsely about defendant's involvement because his lawyer told him that his plea would not beaccepted if his testimony was inconsistent with the statement. "There is no form of proof sounreliable as recanting testimony" (People v Shilitano, 218 NY 161, 170 [1916]). It wasdefendant's burden to overcome the presumption of regularity attached to the prior judicialproceedings with substantial evidence establishing that Clark's previous statements were false(see People v Tucker, 40 AD3d1213, 1214 [2007], lv denied 9 NY3d 882 [2007]). Factors to be considered indetermining the credibility of recantation testimony include its inherent believability, thedemeanor of the recanting witness, the existence of corroborating evidence, reasons offered forthe recantation and the previous testimony, the relationship between the recanting witness andthe defendant, and "the importance of facts established at trial as reaffirmed in the recantation"(People v Wong, 11 AD3d 724,726 [2004]). The recantation was not inherently believable, as it contradicted not only Clark'sprior statements and testimony, but those of defendant, who told police that he entered the storewith Clark after they made plans to rob it, and of Spears. Further, Clark's purported reason forgiving false testimony—the hope of leniency—was inconsistent with the fact that hepleaded guilty with no promised disposition and with the sentence he later received of 25 years tolife. Finally, County Court could reasonably have concluded that the real motivation for Clark'schanged testimony was the guilt and remorse that he concededly felt because his actions inshooting the victim led to defendant's conviction for felony murder. Thus, we find that CountyCourt properly applied the pertinent factors in determining that Clark's recantation testimony wasnot credible.
We further agree with County Court that the testimony of the upstairs apartment resident,given at the CPL 440.10 hearing with the assistance of an interpreter, did not constitute arecantation. [*4]Although the resident's CPL 440.10 testimonywas more detailed than the testimony she gave at trial, there was no inconsistency in the salientdetails—she heard gunshots, she came downstairs, and she saw two men running away,one of whom wore a red jacket.[FN3]Moreover, even if the additional details included in her CPL 440.10 testimony had been revealedat trial, suggesting that it may have taken her 30 to 40 seconds to reach the bottom of the stairs,this impeachment evidence is insufficient to set aside the judgment of conviction (see Peoplev Richards, 266 AD2d 714, 715 [1999], lv denied 94 NY2d 924 [2000]; People vSides, 242 AD2d 750, 751 [1997], lv denied 91 NY2d 836 [1997]).
Defendant further argues that he was denied effective assistance because his trial counselallegedly did not conduct pretrial interviews with the upstairs apartment resident, Clark andSpears. Initially, defendant contends that, if his trial counsel had interviewed the upstairsapartment resident, he would have determined that she could not have gotten downstairs in timeto see defendant running away. However, defendant's trial counsel cross-examined the resident insome detail as to her actions before coming downstairs and the extent of her opportunity to seethe fleeing men. Further, defendant himself testified that he ran away from the scene with Spears,although he denied wearing a red jacket. Thus, nothing in the resident's CPL 440.10testimony—which was, as already discussed, essentially consistent with her trialtestimony—indicates that a pretrial interview would have provided trial counsel withinformation that would have undermined her trial testimony to an extent demonstratingineffective assistance.
Defendant next contends that Spears, if interviewed, would have furnished defendant with analibi by stating that defendant was outside the store and walking away from it when Clark shotthe victim. Spears made this claim in a 2008 affidavit supporting defendant's CPL 440.10motion; however, it contradicts his own prior statement as well as all of the other informationavailable to defense counsel at the time of trial. A few hours after the crime, Spears told policethat after watching defendant and Clark enter the store, he walked away and then heard gunshots.On the morning after the crime, defendant told police that he was inside the store when the shotswere fired; at trial, he testified that he was at the store entrance. Thus, "as of the time of therepresentation" (People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137, 147 [1981]), trial counsel had no reasonto believe that Spears would state that defendant was outside the store or otherwise furnish analibi.
Defendant further contends that Spears would have provided defense counsel withinformation enabling him to impeach the acquaintance they had encountered before the robberywho, according to defendant, gave false testimony as part of a vengeful effort to wrongfullyimplicate Spears.[FN4]At defendant's trial, the acquaintance testified that Spears asked him several questions aboutcameras and other people inside the store, that he believed that Spears, defendant and Clarkintended to do something wrongful in the store such as "shoplift, or something of that nature,"and that defendant was wearing a red jacket. Given the consistency between this testimony andthe acquaintance's prior statements—as well as Clark's and defendant's—anyallegation that Spears could have impeached him or revealed the plot in which he was allegedlyengaged is too speculative to serve as a basis for a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.[*5]
Defendant's final claim of ineffective assistance ofcounsel—that further investigation would have revealed that Clark was lying aboutdefendant's involvement—necessarily fails as a result of County Court's well-foundedconclusion that Clark's recantation was not credible. The constitutional requirement for effectiveassistance is met " '[s]o long as the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of a particular case,viewed in totality and as of the time of the representation, reveal that the attorney providedmeaningful representation' " (People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712 [1998], quotingPeople v Baldi, 54 NY2d at 147). As County Court noted, the record reveals thatdefendant's trial counsel made appropriate pretrial motions, participated actively in hearings, andcarried out vigorous cross-examination of the People's witnesses, among other things;accordingly, we agree with the court's determination that defendant received meaningfulrepresentation (see People vBattease, 74 AD3d 1571, 1575-1576 [2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 849 [2010]).
Defendant's remaining arguments in support of his CPL 440.10 motion depend on accepting,among other things, his claim that police fabricated the statements made at the time of the crimeby Clark, Spears and defendant himself, and that none of the men discovered the purportedfabrications by reading the statements before they signed them. County Court was not required tofind this claim—based in part on Clark's discredited recantation and in part on evidencedehors the record—credible. Thus, we find that the court properly exercised its discretionin denying the motion to vacate the judgment of conviction (see generally People v Simmons, 20 AD3d 813 [2005], lvdenied 6 NY3d 758 [2005]).
Cardona, P.J., Mercure, Malone Jr. and Stein, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment andorder are affirmed.
Footnote 1: Before defendant's trial, Clarkpleaded guilty to, among other charges arising from the grocery store incident, two counts ofmurder in the second degree and to several charges arising from a prior incident in which he andSpears stole the guns used at the store. Spears was tried separately, acquitted of involvement inthe grocery store crimes, and convicted on counts related to the stolen guns.
Footnote 2: This claim is based on thehearsay affidavit of a private investigator who stated that, during a 2004 interview, the witnesstold him that she had made such a request. Notably, no such request is mentioned in a statementobtained by the investigator from the witness during that interview, and neither the investigatornor the witness testified to the request during the CPL 440.10 hearing.
Footnote 3: At trial, the acquaintance whoencountered the three men outside the store just before the robbery testified that defendant waswearing a red jacket.
Footnote 4: Notably, when defendant wastried, Spears had already been acquitted of involvement in the grocery store crimes.